Exposure of Sensitive System Information to an Unauthorized Control Sphere

Summary

CasaOS exposed to multiple unauthenticated endpoints that allow remote attackers to retrieve sensitive configuration files and system debug information. The "/v1/users/image" endpoint can be abused with a user-controlled path parameter to access files under "/var/lib/casaos/1/", which reveals installed applications and configuration details. Additionally, "/v1/sys/debug" discloses host operating system, kernel, hardware, and storage information. The endpoints also return distinct error messages, enabling file existence enumeration of arbitrary paths on the underlying host filesystem. This information disclosure can be used for reconnaissance and to facilitate targeted follow-up attacks against services deployed on the host.